The complex and costly health care needs of Americans who are dually eligible for Medicare and Medicaid would be better addressed if there were more coordination across the two programs, but efforts to achieve this goal have been largely unsuccessful in the more than 40 years since they began. The Special Needs Plans available under Medicare Advantage provide one model for such coordination, but they have not lived up to their potential so far. For this project, researchers will work with the federal government, states, health plans, providers, and beneficiary groups to: 1) develop and implement approaches for improving the integration of care delivered to dually eligible beneficiaries; and 2) provide stakeholders with technical assistance, tools, and resources, focusing on mechanisms to improve alignment of what are frequently conflicting incentives between Medicare and Medicaid.